Working Women Essays - Gender Studies, Women In The Workforce

Working Women Working Women Jasleen Singh May 24, 2001 Professor Kenneth JandaProblem Even as far back as the United States independence, women did not possess any civil rights. According to Janda, this view is also known as protectionism, the notion that women mush be sheltered from life's harsh realities. Protectionism carried on throughout the general populations view for many decades until the 1920's when the women's movement started. Women finally received the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment. The traditional views of protectionism, however, remained in people's minds until the 1970's (Janda et al, 2000: 538-539). Around this time, women started to take on other roles outside the typical traditional role of housewife. Women were going to college, obtaining their degrees, and starting their careers. This step forward in women's independence came with much scrutiny. What was happening to working women, to their households, their family roles, and their children? Many people from many different nations have different views based on women's rights with regards to career choice. Nations have different beliefs on women's independence by working, a working mother's relationship with her children, and the affect on the child whose mother works. These beliefs, especially of a preschool child suffering if his/her mother works, are based upon an individual's religiosity and age. These issues are imperative to politics. Many countries are giving more civil rights to women to treat them as equals to men. Women, therefore, have more power and say in the government. Yet, how much power should the government allot to women while still protecting family values. Many citizens feel that family values are core to moral beings, and allowing women to have careers will affect the future generations. On the other hand, women are humans and citizens equal to men and must therefore have the same equality of opportunity. To see what other factors play a role in individual's beliefs is important for a political figure to take in consideration when proposing bills or campaigning for office in order to respond and appeal to their voters. Method and Theory The method of research used to fully understand a society's views on working mothers is simply designed. An analysis of the 1990-91 World Values Survey is possible through the SPSS program. In Citizen Politics, the World Values Surveys are a series of representative national surveys designed to provide an empirical base for the study of social and cultural change among the publics of societies throughout the world (Dalton, 1996: 289). The nations surveyed are the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany. In order to examine the dilemma of these beliefs, specific variables are chosen and run through the program using the results of the surveys. First, variables referring to women job independence and women and their children were analyzed across nation to understand what nations views on women workers. Then a cross tabulation of the variable KID.JOB (referring to the statement if a preschool child is affected by a working mother) across nation is analyzed. Then other cross tabulations of KID.JOB to religiosity (PIOUS) and age (AGE) across nation were run through SPSS to prove that these are factors in individuals beliefs toward this issue. These variables used together are essential to understanding society's views on women's career goals and how they affect the family. Theoretically, career oriented women has shaped the family and government. The general population within the nations agrees that working women are more independent and that they can still have relationships with their children. However, they also believe that preschool children suffer when their mothers work. Religiosity and age are both factors in this belief. A religious person would agree that the child suffers since the person is more concerned with traditional family values. Also, an older person would agree that a child suffers since they grew up in a decade in which families practiced the traditional gender roles. Data Analysis The United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany all differ in their views of women's civil rights. For example, the nations hold dissimilar ideas referring to women's independence. Most nations agree that having a job makes a woman independent according to Table 1 (Cross-tabulation of OWN.JOB across nation). Since the largest percentages for each nation agree

Free Essays on Laura Bush

Laura: America’s First Lady, First Mother Antonia Felix Though she was shy and reserved at first, everything changed on September 11, 2001, when the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were crushed by terrorist attacks. In the aftermath, Laura rose to the occasion, providing comfort and reassurance amidst what is perhaps the worst crisis we’ve ever faced-and she has since become a beacon of hope and strength to the nation. Laura, by noted biographer Antonia Felix, is the first profile of this remarkable woman. The author has conducted dozens of interviews-including with Jenna Welch, Laura’s mother-and has produced an insightful, compelling work that finally informs us of the major events in Laura Bush’s life, bringing us closer to discovering what she is really like. In clear, crisp prose, the author tells of Laura’s fascinating journey from her happy childhood in Midland, Texas through her courtship and marriage to dashing National Guard pilot George W., her years as a schoolteacher and librarian, her pass ion for literacy, and her role as mother to twin girls, Barbara and Jenna. At once probing and revealing, Laura shows why Laura Bush is the right First Lady for these uncertain times-helping Americans reassess our priorities after our tragic loss and urging us to hug our children. This important biography will serve as a lasting tribute to a special woman for years to come. Laura Bush grew up in Midland, Texas with her father and mother, and led a content life as their only child. She dreamed of being a teacher, a traditional career for the females of her generation. Laura was raised in a strong home where religion, good ethics, and a strong morale played important roles in her upbringing. The combination of her parent’s influences, growing up in a traditional American culture, and eventually becoming the daughter-in-law to the President of the United States, prepared her well to become the fo... Free Essays on Laura Bush Free Essays on Laura Bush Laura: America’s First Lady, First Mother Antonia Felix Though she was shy and reserved at first, everything changed on September 11, 2001, when the World Trade Center and the Pentagon were crushed by terrorist attacks. In the aftermath, Laura rose to the occasion, providing comfort and reassurance amidst what is perhaps the worst crisis we’ve ever faced-and she has since become a beacon of hope and strength to the nation. Laura, by noted biographer Antonia Felix, is the first profile of this remarkable woman. The author has conducted dozens of interviews-including with Jenna Welch, Laura’s mother-and has produced an insightful, compelling work that finally informs us of the major events in Laura Bush’s life, bringing us closer to discovering what she is really like. In clear, crisp prose, the author tells of Laura’s fascinating journey from her happy childhood in Midland, Texas through her courtship and marriage to dashing National Guard pilot George W., her years as a schoolteacher and librarian, her pass ion for literacy, and her role as mother to twin girls, Barbara and Jenna. At once probing and revealing, Laura shows why Laura Bush is the right First Lady for these uncertain times-helping Americans reassess our priorities after our tragic loss and urging us to hug our children. This important biography will serve as a lasting tribute to a special woman for years to come. Laura Bush grew up in Midland, Texas with her father and mother, and led a content life as their only child. She dreamed of being a teacher, a traditional career for the females of her generation. Laura was raised in a strong home where religion, good ethics, and a strong morale played important roles in her upbringing. The combination of her parent’s influences, growing up in a traditional American culture, and eventually becoming the daughter-in-law to the President of the United States, prepared her well to become the fo...

Should Abortion be Illegal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Abortion be Illegal - Research Proposal Example Oktay Kadayifci -- professor from the Medical Faculty of University of Istanbul titled â€Å"Ethical and Legal Aspects of Abortion†, a philosophical outlook on the topic from â€Å"Abortion and the Unborn Life† author Patrick Lee who holds the John N. and Jamie D. McAleer Chair of Bioethics and is the director of the Institute of Bioethics at Franciscan University Steubenville, as well as the National Right to Life website that contains vital information regarding some important abortion information that not all people may be familiar with. Abortion is a highly controversial topic that has been debated about through the decades with both the pro-life and pro-choice sides making highly valid and acceptable pleas on behalf of their stand. While the pro-choice stance makes a good point of indicating that a woman should have the right to make a decision about what goes on and happens with her body, it still does not erase the fact that abortion is, as the pro-lifers point out, tantamount to murder because the woman is carrying a life within her womb and that fetus has a right to live, just like any other child who was conceived, regardless of how the conception was done (e.g. rape) or accepted by the woman. The aforementioned information is but a few reasons to consider the total ban on abortion. Other information to consider cover the aspects of moral and ethical arguments. Conscionable considerations also take an important place in the discussion as the idea of abortion as murder must be considered and understood by the public. Therefore, it is important to listen to information being shared by both the pro and anti-abortionists. According to a journal article by Prof. Oktay Kadayifci, society must learn to respect the views of the pro-abortionists. That is actually not the point of discussion at the moment.

Toyotas Position in the Automobile Industry Research Paper

Toyotas Position in the Automobile Industry - Research Paper Example The competencies are responsible for the growth of an organization’s core products which in turn support the growth of other business units. Eventually, the business units are responsible for the production of the end products. This has been the case of Toyota. Toyota is among the most successful businesses in the global car manufacturing market. The success of the company is attributed to its core competencies and capabilities.   Toyota entered the vehicle manufacturing market with the few competencies and low capabilities that saw the company manufacture small volumes of cars annually. In 1947, the company could only manage to manufacture 100,000 cars only. The company was small in size and had limited resources and capacity to produce significant volumes for its market. This situation was compounded by the fact that the company was a new entrant in the car manufacturing market. However, the company made the first step towards growth by creating a team of visionary manager s that had competent skills in the manufacturing of cars and the management of the company in the new Japanese market. The operations of the company were directed by the exceptional skills of the founder. The founding team has been at center of the management of the company because of the management principles that they managed to establish when Toyota was making entry into the car manufacturing industry.   In terms of effectiveness, the company produces such large volumes but still maintain quality.  For instance, in the year 1962, the company was taking 15 minutes to change dies but the time was later reduced to only 3 seconds in its current production process.  

Pro and Cons for Electric Car Essay Example for Free

Pro and Cons for Electric Car Essay Out of the many different kind of cars on the road today, one car stands above the rest. With its zero emissions and sleek design, the General Mortars EV 1 was unstoppable. This car runs entirely without gas or oil of any kind. It runs only on electric power which makes it very eco-friendly. This car was the answer to the smog problem in California and would soon be able to help stop global warming and more of our planets environmental issues. So, why are there none of these cars on the road today? Who made sure that none of these EV 1’s where ever mass produced. Who killed the electric car? This act did not go unnoticed by the public. Consumers were outraged by the recalling of the EV1’s. They wanted to know why someone would get rid of a car that would help out the environment and would make things better for future generations. Someone is to blame for killing the electric car, but whom? Was it the big oil companies and their fear of losing money? Could it be the battery technology in the EV1’s that was faulty? Maybe it was the CARB (California Resources Board) who did not want to support the project. Or was it the consumers themselves who would not accept the idea of a seemingly unreliable car? Chris Pine, the director of the documentary, â€Å"Who Killed the Electric Car? † says that all these factors are to blame. But, there could only be one who could take the name of Car Killer. The car companies are the biggest suspect in killing the electric car. General Motors was the car company that started the EV1 project. They started leasing them publicly in 1997. All 660 that were available for lease, got leased. Then in 2000, tragedy struck as all EV1’s were recalled and the plant was closed down. In 2003 GM officially closed down the entire EV1 project despite the long waiting lists and positive feedback from EV1 drivers. Why would the company that started the project in the first place, decide to shut in down without even 20 years of usage? General Motors said that the reason for pulling the plug of the EV1 was the fact that no consumer was willing to drive a car that you have to charge every hundred miles or so (CBC News). But, since there was a huge demand for the EV1’s in California, I think that is not the only reason. I think the car companies were afraid to lose money from the EV1’s good sales. They wanted to make sure that no other car would sell better than theirs. My opinion that the car companies killed the electric car but, other people see it differently. With a problem this big, maybe many factors are to blame. The consumers themselves need to take some of the blame; many did not like the idea of a car that runs of batteries. In this fast paced world we live in, they though the car would be unreliable. The batteries that run the EV1 are lead acid batteries that would only last 100 miles or so. The consumers wanted a better battery and if there were electric cars all over the world, the oil companies would lose a lot of their profit. Whatever the cause may be, the death of the EV1 will no doubt have a huge impact on the future. Until someone else comes up with a better model of an electric car, the planet will still suffer from global warming. In the future I think we will see more electric cars starting to make it father than the EV1.

Complexity and Ambiguity of Haircut :: Haircut

Complexity and Ambiguity of Haircut      Ã‚  Ã‚   Many critical commentators have pointed out that Ring Lardner's best work was done in the field of satiric comedy. Sometimes his work was more satirical than comic, and sometimes vice versa. His short story, "Haircut," is definitely an exponent of the former, because within the satire of Haircut are some undoubtedly repulsive and tragic elements. The story concerns the events in a small unnamed Michigan town as told by a barber while he is cutting a client's hair. He tells of the death of Jim Kendall, a practical joker whose comedy and other actions leave virtue much desired, and who is killed by a supposedly accidental shooting during a hunt. The only clear theme of the story involves the satirizing of smug small town values, portrayed through Whitey's narration. In this paper I will show how the character of the barber illustrates these deficient values, and how these set the stage for a traditional interpretation of "Haircut" -- one where Jim is deserving of his fate. Finally, I will contrast this interpretation with other critical interpretations, which argue that Lardner's purpose is not so clear, but obfuscated by ambiguity.    The Small Town Barber and Traditional Interpretation From the outset of the story we observe the uneducated and unintelligent qualities of the barber, whose name we learn is "Whitey." His muddled language, full of diction and syntax errors, immediately make the reader skeptical of his reliability. In the opening sentences, for example, Whitey says "You can see for yourself that this ain't no New York City and besides that, the most of the boys works all day and don't have no leisure to drop in here and get themselves all prettied up." The conversational language of the small town, filled with slang and bad pronunciation, riddles the entire narration. Whitey says, "I bet they was more laughin' done here than any town its size in America," and "he'd be settin' in this chair part of the time," and she'd divorced him only they wasn't no chance to get alimony and she didn't have no way to take care of herself and the kids."    This suspicion of Whitey's trustworthiness and character is further characterized by his interpretations of events.

What different tactics were used by both sides in an attempt to win the conflict in Vietnam between 1956 and 1968?

During the Vietnam War, there were many different tactics used by American and Vietcong in order to win the war. These tactics had an influence over the opposition's use and the choice of tactics. From the beginning of the war the Vietcong realised that in order to win they must win the â€Å"hearts and the minds† of the peasants. This way they could be provided with shelter, food and such like, also they would be able to enlist more fighters for their cause and above all else the peasants would see that communism was the war which their country should be heading. In order to do this they operated by a special code dealing with the peasants, they brought up rules such, not to damage the land and crops or spoil the houses, not to insist on buying or borrowing land, never break the rule, to help them with their daily work. These rules ensured that the peasants would support the Vietcong and help them at any opportunity. As well as these gestures of kindness towards the peasants, they would also educate them as to why they were so poor and, explain how much better communism would be to them. The American on the other hand although realising to some extent that the war was only going to be won with the support of the peasants were far less active in their approach to helping, and indoctrinating them. On the news and publicly they were seen to be helping them but the soldiers were far willing as well as the peasants were already prejudice against the US involvement in the war. An example of the American focussing on the peasants was the â€Å"Strategic Hamlet†. Under the guidance of the CIA they uprooted whole villages and took the peasants to an enclosed area and kept them under guard. The idea was to stop the peasants influenced by Vietcong, however, this was an understandably very unpopular tactic, and moreover it turned more peasants against the Americans than it did win the support. American used high technology weapons that were capable of destroying practically anything. They were particularly keen on using their advance and bombs. At first they bombed specific targets but when they realized that this had a little effect, then they began to use blanket bombing, this was known as â€Å"Operation Rolling Thunder†. It was a bombing campaign that was put over the North of Vietnam in 1964. It was originally set up to last about eight weeks but in actual fact it continued for over three years. The Vietcong had no such armaments and technology compared to USA, so they relied on using Guerrilla warfare. This was originally adapted by Mao Zedong for use by China; Ho Chi Minh exploited Chinas tactics very carefully. The Guerrilla warfare made it almost impossible for the US to know who was their â€Å"friend or foe†. Also, they used Ambush techniques to attack enemy and isolated units. The â€Å"Hit and Run† tactics were designed to put small holes in the enemy that eventually amounted to winning the war. The Vietcong resource from the beginning were stretched, not necessarily manpower but weapons and other resources were scarce. So the Vietcong used unexploded bombs to produce Traps such as â€Å"Bouncing Bettys†, mines that one triggered would jump up and explode around main victim that stands on it. â€Å"Booby Traps† such as concealed holes in the ground usually covered by leaves and just deep enough so someone cannot get out. Also such traps as the â€Å"Punji Trap† which is similar to the concealed hole, but with spikes in the bottom. There was also the grenade attached to a trip wire, which meant that when a soldier walked through the wire, the grenade would spring out and explode on them. The idea of these traps was not actually meant to kill the enemy but to maim them. The important point of this was that if someone is dead then they only needed a body bag, but if they are injured the enemy has to spend time and resources healing them instead and the other troops had to hear their comrades scream with pain, which is very draining on morale. When fighting the Guerrillas would go out in groups and only engage in ambush situations. This meant that they used their knowledge of the area they were fighting in to hinder the USA. This led the American to develop chemical weapons that were used to make the Vietcong more visible. Agent Orange was a chemical defoliant that was used to clear areas of terrain where the Vietcong was suspected to be, but it also caused birth defects among women. Another favourite weapon used by the USA was Napalm. It was a mixture of petroleum jelly with phosphorous that was dropped from fighter – bombers over suspected Vietcong inhabited areas. All that needed was one drop and then it would burn through to the bone and this caused the victims would die of phosphorous poisoning. America would use a combination of troops that were closely supported by planes and helicopters. The planes would be mounted with a gun known as â€Å"Puff the magic dragon†, a devastating 30mm cannon that could rip up any thing with a â€Å"wall of lead†. The Vietcong were ill – equipped compared to the Americans but they had an establish route called the â€Å"Ho Chi Minh Trail† that was a complex web of jungle tracks which ran from North Vietnam to Saigon carrying about 60 tons of aid per day. In the beginning of the war it took six months for a soldier to navigate his way the trial but as the route became to used more often the experienced soldiers was able to get through in six weeks. The Americans was desperately try to bomb the route but it was invisible from the air so it was impossible to hit with any accuracy. As the war progressed the USA became more and more frustrated because of the increasing number of soldiers they were getting, and the tactics they used became more aggressive. They started to use policies of â€Å"Search and Destroy†, where groups of troops would go out with the aim of killing any members of the Vietcong they find. They sent small platoons into areas where the tunnels had opening and send men into there with grenade to blow up the Vietcong and shoot any survivors. The troops were trained to think of the Vietcong as scum and had no problem in slaughtering them, and any Vietcong supporters were also killed. Jets, boats tanks and helicopters would support all of these patrols if they found a suspect target. Whole villages were often raised to the ground to stop a couple of Vietcong members or supporters. The Vietcong used a similar tactic called ‘Find and Kill', although this was conceptually the same as ‘search and destroy' it was much more successful. One reason for this was that the USA soldiers wore uniforms, therefore it was easier to recognize who the troops was. Another reason was that the USA soldiers had to contend with Vietcong mines and traps. America also used â€Å"Fire Zones†, where a village was warned that they were going to be destroyed by leaflet drops or by word of mouth etc. anyone then found on the area after a specific time was either shot, napalmed, or pineapple bombed which is a single bomb that would explode into thousands of tiny fibreglass balls, so they couldn't be picked up by x – ray. In another attempt to stop the Vietcong Operation Ranch Hand was used, planes would drop chemicals (agent blue) that would destroy crops, the idea being to starve the Vietcong but unfortunately it just turned more of the peasants against the USA. One USA success was the Tet Offensive. The Vietcong used conventional warfare. It was a disaster and was the closest the US ever came to victory. However it was nowhere near enough to win the war for the US. The USA campaign suffered further after the ‘My Lai' massacre. This was when the USA attacked a small village in Vietnam. Its 700 inhabitants were made up mostly of the elderly people, women and children. The soldiers were ordered to kill all the inhabitants in cold blood and burn the village to the ground. The USA appeared cold and heartless with no regard for human life. When the USA press got hold of the story the American public was shocked and the war became even less popular. Particularly so as it was revealed that most of the inhabitants of My Lai were not in fact Vietcong. By the late 60's America became desperate, and decided to employ a much-feared and unpopular tactic, the use of chemical weapons. These weapons included napalm and Agent Orange, which stripped the land bare, making guerrilla tactics harder to carry out. However the use of such weapons produced some horrific injuries and pictures, which the press thrived upon, there were already several active peace movements in America. The US made a terrible mistake in allowing them to be covered by the press. The Vietcong were party to some terrible atrocities, but because they never allowed themselves to be followed into battle these were never seen. The media portrayal of the war was a major factor, as it is n any modern war. Already horrific stories and pictures are sensationalized, and can influence people almost totally. By 1967 the career soldiers had almost all been used and so the government introduced conscription. This meant that many soldiers were there against their will and wanted only to finish their tour of duty. They started to care less and less about winning the war as they were more occupied with staying alive. Consequently the morale suffered, ragging occurred more often for unpopular commands. The Vietcong on the other hand were highly motivated, they were fighting for a cause they believed in, and were there on their own free will, even women were allowed and willing to fight. As the war went on they became more confident, better armed and trained. This led to the â€Å"Tet Offensive†. On the January 31st, 1968, more than 70, 000 Vietcong launched an attack on more than a hundred cities and towns. I Saigon they managed to enter the US Embassy building and kill 5 marines, and take over a local radio station. In military terms the Americans won, an estimated 37,000 Vietcong soldiers were killed compared to the 2,500 American troops, but it proved to the soldiers and the American public that the Vietcong had an inexhaustible supply of people and that the Americans would not win the war.